Social Contract Theories of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke Essay

Social Contract Theories of Thomas Hobbes and John Locke - Essay ExampleThus, in a companionable arrest to which they voluntarily consented, they created the state for the purpose of promoting and preserving their indispensable rights to life, liberty and property.It was John Locke who painted a epitome of liberty of citizens and authority of govern handst in tones which were far moderate than that of Thomas Hobbes. Men in a state of nature could make use of their perfect freedom for their own good, since they were reasonable men. To John Locke, men did non abuse their Liberty. They did not threaten the lives of their neighbors. He wroteThough this is a state of liberty, yet it is not a state of license. The state of nature of nature has a fairness of nature to govern it, which obliges everyone and reason, which is that law that teaches exclusively mankind who will and consult it, that being all equal and independent no one has a right to harm another in his life, health, li berty of possessions. 1Lockes social sire favored men quitting the state of nature to form themselves into a civil society. In this society men instituted the state where a social contract or covenant was formulated between citizens and governing, a legal guardian which they could dismiss if it did not maintain the freedom and equality that men originally knew and enjoyed. In other words, when government no longer served the citizens interests and welfare, it might be resisted or overthrown. Why, because government had violated its obligations under the social contract to the extent that it had broken it. What were these obligations The government as trustee had to protect and preserve peoples rights, especially natural rights as explained above. Otherwise, the contractual agreement which was the basis of governments existence would be without substance and meaning. Locke asserted that men should retain their natural rights in civil society and that political powers or reign shou ld not be assigned to the monarch, but to the peoples representatives in fantan who should be supreme. In Lockes view, the legislative power could never be arbitrary, since under the principle of popular sovereignty, the people had the supreme power to change, through peaceful election or revolution, their representatives in the parliament whenever such representatives acted contrary to the trust reposed in them.Lockes social contract puts in perspective the parliamentary land of limited government that many states have today, which stresses the protection and promotion of individual rights to life, liberty and property.Lockes reason for favoring a civil government to impose upon man some restrictions of government authority was that men after all were not impartial judges of their friends shortcomings. He admitted that human frailties could lead to abuse of power. 2Popular sovereignty is supreme authority of the state which resides in the people. This authority means that the peo ple are the ultimate germ of power and so they possess coercive power to control government through which they allow themselves to be governed. It was said that sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority emanates from them. This view is embodied in Lockes theory of popular sovereignty in which the citizens have the vested right and power to choose their representat

How the Brady v. Maryland ruling was used in People v. Cwikla and Research Paper

How the Brady v. Maryland ruling was used in People v. Cwikla and People v. Steadman - Research Paper ExampleHowever, he appealed the case where case was reversed because of prosecutorial bobble and errors that were committed by the court.The defendant was convicted of criminal possession of a weapon second gear degree and manslaughter second degree where they had killed Maxine Peterson on May 28, 1988. The only prosecution witness who could have identified the defendants was a medicine addict and user and had previously committed two felonies. In that, at the period of the prosecution he was on probation for one of the previous credences where three open felony charges were pending prosecution. The defendants in the case sought a pre-trial disclosure of any promise of leniency made to the witness in altercation for his kick upstairsable tribute against the defendants. The prosecutor revealed some of the arrangements that were made with the witness, but did not advise the defe ndant that the Assistant district attorney had agreed that Malloy the witness was not required to go to prison for the pending charges in case he testified against the defendants.Brady v. Maryland, 373 U.S 83 (1963) in these case it was established that turnover of information is imperative and is a requirement downstairs the Fourteenth Amendment due process clause. It was further held that the subdual by the prosecution counsel of proof in favor of the accused person upon the appeal by the defendant violates due process. This is because the evidence that is being suppressed is clobber to establish whether the defendant is guilty or punishment irrespective of good or bad conviction of the trial. This has now been illustrated as the brandy rule.In the case of People v. Cwikla, the Brady rule was used in this case because the prosecutor failed to confirm correspondence in support with the informant application for parole. In this case, the court alleged that the prosecution is unde r the obligation to disclose to the defense counsel any

Design and Construction of Motorway Project Essay

Design and Construction of Motorway Project - Essay ExampleThrough utilization of these regulations, communicate managers could ensure that rubber eraser and health applications remain present throughout engineering project implementation period. duration engineering projects remain essential for development of the country, the impacts of the implementation process for these projects could be catastrophic. The reduction of impending risks inwardly the projects remains essential towards unhazardous implementation of the entire project (Bailey, 2002). The aim of this report remains get a lineing the imminent hazards within the project that could present a danger to peck working on the project. This report seeks to realize an informed analysis concerning the health and safety regulation required in engineering projects. Through identification of the imminent risks, the contractors could essentially implement safety operation processes, significantly reducing safety concerns d uring construction. This report seeks to identify the imminent hazards for contractors during construction and workers after project finish. The project engineers could utilize the proposals contained in this report in ensuring safety for individuals involved in the project. Description of works This project involves construction of a motorway seeking to sub the existing M8 between Glasgow and Edinburgh. The project shall involve numerous and continuous shot processes within the lifetime of construction. The jab process involves the production of massive criterions of dust, which becomes a potential health hazard for individuals living within the vicinity, and the people working on the project. The process of excavating materials within the construction site comes at the centre of the project. Through excavation, the engineers could master a significant level of project implementation. Designing the site into the required form shall involve a continuous bulk excavation process . The proposed route for the motorway passes through Greenfield and Brownfield land, which continue to be associated with mining of antithetic minerals. These areas have numerous deposits of coal and steels minerals. During the construction process, the materials excavated from the site should be carefully handled to reduce the prevalent risks produced by the mining processes of these minerals. While different activities might be affected by construction, the imminent hazards following excavation through coal mines remain a surmountable safety concern. Upon removal of the top brand, an analysis of the contents of the soil should e performed to determine the presence of harmful elements within the soil. Through this analysis, proper disposal methods could be utilize to ensure reduction of the imminent hazards produced by the material. The project could potentially generate a significant amount of waste materials and remnants of the construction materials utilized. Following the com pletion of the project, disposal of these materials is likely to become fundamental in ensuring safe working environment for people maintaining the project. Disposal of the waste materials generated remains a fundamental post-construction safety and health concern. The waste disposal operation seeks to ensure the environment remains safe for the people after completion of the project (Lagrega et al, 2010). The maintenance employees would be working in safe environments when all generated wastes become

Use of Information Technology in Human Resource Planning Essay

Use of Information Technology in Human Resource preparation - Essay sampleLITERATURE REVIEW Jacoby, Nason and Saguchi (77) argued that Information Technology is widely used in various departments of an organization in the United States and Japan. They insisted that IT plays a study role in the departments of human resources, aiding in the managerial physical processes of recruitment of pretenders and qualification of job schedules. Another group of researchers SchoI?nberger and Lazer (221) proposed that the introduction of IT related operations in an organization, especially in the HR planning promotes efficient management and storage allocation of duties to employees and identification of nonperforming employees as every employees tasks atomic number 18 known. The major department of an organization is the HR department argued Haines and Lafleur (525) and incorporation of IT or digitizing the department will increase productiveness of the organization by a signifi stick outt margin. In the Journal of Knowledge Management, Klaila (138) claims that transformation of the information system of rules from manual to digital in the HR department can reduce the bulk of the paper work involved in carrying out different tasks in the department. IT makes it easier to store employee information as it provides secure databases that are only accessible to the authorized parties. As IT has progressed from the old and slow mainframes to much quicker LANs (local subject networks), WANs (wide area networks) and the World Wide Web, the business world follows suit in moving from the manual operations to computerized platforms (Ashbaugh and Miranda 144). Planning involves laying down strategies of an organization that are to be followed regarding performing various tasks. The HR department can work in conjunction with other departments in carrying these tasks, for instance, staff training and recruitment and job allocation among others. In order to plan adequately for a f oreseeable progress of an organization, good strategies have to be laid down to avoid the failure of an organization. First is finding literature about HR tasks and functions, HR without IT and its implications. Investigate on the transformation process from HR without IT to HR with IT, and finally, how the computerized HR department will stir the planning process of human resources. Research Philosophy, Approach and Strategy The research is based on phenomenological philosophy describing a number of individual experiences about a phenomenon. In this research, positivism philosophy has been adopted as it provides the researchers with a clear view of the current system in comparison to the old system. It focuses around the certain facts that exist in the IT introduction from the researchers point of view, coming up with related conclusions on what should and should not be done to ensure a successful IT incorporation in the planning process of the human resources. This philosophy a llows the researcher to provide their own views about how IT is beneficial to human resource planning, season directly correlating their views to the current deliverables of the system. The research also takes a deductive approach since it works from a turn out possible action that IT helps in human resource planning, sampling different rules and already proven facts about our theory through collection of data on these facts, then use these data to back up

Export-Import Bank Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Export-Import Bank - Case Study ExampleEx-Im began issuing loan guarantees after thirty historic period of existence. This move aimed at encouraging commercial banks to take part in export markets. Loan guarantees focused on reducing the administrative obligations of commercial banks. Loan guarantees surpassed direct loans, making insurance to become popular. Ex-Im guarantees 90% of the outstanding balance of working capital loans from a commercial bank to an exporter. It only authorized proceeding that had a reasonable assurance of repayment. It offers medium and long-term coverage for transactions by providing an 85% guarantee. In this case, a 15% deposit is required from the buyer. Ex-Im charges the following costs on direct loans and medium and long-term guaranteesExport-Import bank charged fixed interest rates on loans that were set at the Commercial interest Reference Rate (CIRR). The cost of direct loans was static that is, it was set after numerous negotiations among coun tries in the OECD (organization for economic Co-operation and Development). All medium and long-term guarantees were subject to a one-off exposure tap. The exposure fee was determined by the degree of transactional risk. For example, plan payments from Amal to Wells Fargo were subject to a 0.2 exposure risk value. The beta constitutes the transactional risk for the scheduled payments. Ex-Im would charge a 0.2 exposure fee for the transactional risk.Importer payment obligations differed from those of foreign buyers of a U.S. product. Direct loans and guarantees of importer payment obligations be influenced by various aspects such as market risk premium of the destination country, the repayment period, luck of exports covered, and whether the exposure fee was financed or paid in advance. Each country has a baseline fee set for sovereign borrowers. Non-sovereign borrowers are subject to a transaction risk increment higher than the

The Market and Marketing of Verizon Business Research Proposal

The Market and merchandising of Verizon Business - Research Proposal ExampleOn the other hand, Verizon wireless had a net t whole(a)y of $1.8 billion retail subscribers and customer growth from the first and second quarter. In order to have a better apprehensiveness of where Verizon is perceived in the market, there bequeath be deuce areas which will be covered for this subprogram of the research. The research will be focusing on the non-Verizon customer, for a greater erudition in understanding the reasons why Verizon is not pull ining them. This report will mainly focus on two areas which Verizon should improveThe main reason why Verizons customer founding has been decreasing and well as pickings their Verizon because it needs to focus most of its attention to the wireless affiliate because thats what is giving Verizon a competitive advantage. Verizon will have to create something new for the phone company and to do so they might have to sum up the expenses a little to be m ore technologically advanced. However, their net income would increase and they would get more customers.As the Mintel report depicts that Verizon and Sprint both show higher-than-average shares of those who earn above $100k, Verizon and Alltel (not shown) are the only Top quin brands to have an above-average share of white customers and below-average share of all minority subscribers. in that respectfore in the light of all these developments Verizons market strategy should be to include A focus on reasons why it is not capturing the subscription base of other ethnic groups rather than mainly higher income and white respondentsThey should also focus of what will attract other race or ethnicity groups to become part of their customer base. A review of the advertising practices and strategies in this regard. The relevant price and discount strategies. Currently, Verizon has an average share of those customers who earn above $100 k per annum The purpose of this study is to find out the critical reason why Verizon is losing its market share. This study has been conducted for the purpose of understanding the market strategies of other telecom providers and to investigate reasons for diminishing customer base and strategies to attract new customers. There also needs to be an inquiry into how the present customer base can be successfully retained, in a more profitable context. This section will mainly focus on the consumer trends of all ethnicities with an income of over 100k per annum.

Bait and Switch Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Bait and fault - Research Paper ExampleShe was non expecting to take such a risk and effort past be frustrated by not getting what she had struggled for. Secondly, the advertised deal was too good and, therefore, she was rather aware that many clouders would bid for it and the first come, first served bases would be applied. Her stating of her traveling tribulations and undying effort to moderate she gets the deal, was assertive to the fact that there was no way she could imagine failing to secure the advertised lam hand truck. Betty must realize been aware of these advertisements and, to clear the doubt, she carried the copy of a magazine on which the advert was published. However, as the conversation goes on, she realizes that the advert was bait, and she had already been baited. She was undoubtedly in the stage of being switched to another substitute truck which was more costly. Her travel efforts, therefore, had no bearing that the dealer would be honest to the advert. In fact, it would be useable when switching Betty because the journey had costed her. The goal of bait and switch advertising is to have buyers buy substitute goods as a way of avoiding disappointment oer not getting the bait (Johar, 1996). Moreover, this trick is used as a way to recover the costs expended in trying to obtain the bait (Dingell, 1996). In this case, Tony has no intention of producing the advertised pickup track but instead will produce an expensive pickup track if not a similar one with a higher price margin. When Tony said over the phone three super acid dollars firm, explain whether or not he was making an offer that, if accepted, would stick with the enfranchisement in bowdlerise It would be futile to think that what Tony promised to Betty, over the phone, was what he meant. Since he was I a calculated mission of baiting his client, it means he could do anything pleasant to ensure that Betty gets into the dealership and buy a substitute truck (Johar, 1996). I t seems that Tony just said it for formality and he cannot have the ignore bidding for two reasons. First, Betty was not initi solelyy on her way to consummate this promise. She was rather going to buy a pickup track advertised by the dealership and whose deal was attractive. Secondly, Tony had not seen the old cover pickup and he can prove that he never meant to buy something he had not seen. That is, probably, wherefore Tony responded, by stating that they would have to look at it first. Considering that Betty just joked that the old Ford pickup, with its original parts all rattling is a nuisance to his journey, Tony could have also joked that he would buy it at three thousand dollars. Therefore, his offer, whether accepted or not cannot in any way bid the dealership in contract (Lee, 2000). Finally, Tonys promise on the phone cannot be presumed binding in law and intentions. Explain whether or not advertised specials can be taken advantage of by employees of the advertiser In advertising, it is not speculative that employees of advertisers have colluded with companies to mislead and exploit consumers (Johar, 1996). For example, in this contingent advertisement, the advertisement quoted in reduced strike font that it was only one at that particular offer. These details were so small that interested buyers would have needed a magnifying glass or a microscope to see it. Without the collusion of the advertisers employees and the company, these particular details would have been made visible. Since this fact is well known, some jurisdictions, like the United States have held that victimisation bait and switch operations may be sued in a court of law by affected customers for false advertising

Gender representations in The Big Bang Theory Essay

Gender representations in The Big smash Theory - Essay theoretical accountThis study aims at giving insight on how the use of sexuality representation is utilized in The Big Bang Theory to attract a large audience. As indicated by the title, this project explores the sexuality representations in The Big Bang Theory. There have been other studies about this subject too. However, what makes The Big Bang Theory a classical study is the controversial sexist position it adapts. This is the reason why this inquiry aims at conducting a scientific inquiry on the unbalanced gender portrayal. One of the sets of questions that urgently lead addressing is the relationship of discourses of gender in the media. For instance, what contributes to the popularity of The Big Bang Theory show notwithstanding the unsurpassed gender misrepresentation overriding in the show? This study will compare, contrast, investigate, examine, develop, and evaluate the subject matter. An proper gluttonous of the facts contributing to the popularity of the show is quite significant as it would indicate the exact reasons as to why the mingled attempts to fight for egalitarianism have never been prolific. . It is beneficial to gain an appreciation regarding gender representations, the values and ideologies presented in The Big Bang Theory as this might aid in formulation and implementation of in force(p) policies to circumvent the menace, change peoples psychological perspectives on gender and improve societal offbeat and amalgamation.

Events studies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Events studies - Essay ExampleYet, it is clear that the use of hearty media in the events industry results to immense benefits in advertising and efficient communication to the tar posit customers. This research paper gives a detailed analysis of the use of social media in the events industry by looking into various studies that concur been conducted across the globe.A recent study that was done by the Sheraton Hotels and Resorts revealed that most people consider social media to be an imperative aspect in their lives that they cannot do without. The same quite a little found an interesting accompaniment that people are never truthful on what the post on various social media sited. This shows that in that location a clear line between members of the public and event companies who rely on social media to get honest feedback from their customers (Safko, 201015).Besides the simulated reality of social media, events bring individuals together. This is the most important duty that is performed by events professionals. The events industry is highly mobile and social and perfectly suited for various for the transformation that has taken arse since the inception of Web 2. 0. Additionally, the second generation social media tools have resulted to the establishment of a better curriculum for promoting, communicating, collaborating and planning events. It is important to note that Web 2.0 paved the way for the social media applications that are present in the current times (Bruns, 2010310). In spite of the fact that impact of the use of social media tools has not been fully understood, most event companies use the various social media tools.It is clear that the use of social media tools has increased in the current times. Various social media tools are used for online ticket as well as advertising. Findings from an online survey that was conducted on 1000 event organisers and promoters from various parts of the world including South America, Austria, North America , Switzerland and