Monday, September 30, 2019

George Washington Most Significant Domestic Accomplishment History Essay

Most important domestic achievement: Washington ‘s most important domestic achievement was to be elected the first president of the United States, every bit good as to be the lone president to be voted in nem con. Twice. The ground I chose this as his domestic achievement is because he set the criterion for future presidents. Most important foreign achievement: Washington ‘s most important foreign achievement was his dedication to neutrality. This disquieted some in France, who felt that they were owed something from the United States. Even during his Farwell reference he warned against going entangled in foreign personal businesss. The ground I chose this as his foreign achievement is because the US was already exhausted after the radical war, and if it were n't for Washington ‘s policy of neutrality, the US could hold been ruined. Economic Policy: Washington ‘s economic policy was centered on refunding Revolutionary War debts, and stabilising the US ‘ economic system. One illustration of this is the creative activity of the first National Bank in 1791, every bit good as the creative activity of the US Mint. Besides, during Washington ‘s presidential term duties were raised in order to assist pay for the war. Washington and Alexander Hamilton ( Treasury secretary ) set the foundation for economic programs in the hereafter. Major Events: Major events include forming the executive subdivision, the confirmation of the Bill of Rights, and set uping the US Federal Judiciary. Most of the major events during Washington ‘s presidential term involved set uping or forming. Again, Washington ‘s presidential term set the foundation for future presidents to come. Major Obstacles: The biggest obstruction Washington ‘s presidential term was the fact that he was the first president. Washington did n't hold anyone to look back on, or anyone to speak to that had more experience than he did. The authorities model that we have today did n't be back so, he was the 1 that had to set up it. Other Info: George Washington ‘s award is exemplified by the fact that he could hold remained president for every bit long as he wanted to, yet he left after his two footings were up. Washington was an honest, hardworking president, who set the model for the authorities that we know and love ( detest? ) today.John Adams ( 1797-1801 )Most important domestic achievement: Adams ‘ most important domestic achievement was the passing of the Alien and Sedition Acts. These Acts of the Apostless were four measures passed in 1798. They included the Naturalization Act and the Sedition Act. The Sedition Act made it a offense to print false or malicious Acts of the Apostless against the authorities. Most important foreign achievement: Adam ‘s most important foreign achievement was maintaining the United States out of the Napoleonic Wars ( Britain v. France ) . The ground this is important because the United States was still retrieving from the radical war, and fall ining in with either Britain or France would hold torn the state apart every bit good as bankrupted it. The hazard for war was particularly high when France began prehending American merchandiser vass. Economic Policy: John Adams was a Federalist, so he believed in bigger authorities and higher revenue enhancements. Adams did n't truly hold any important achievements in the economic field, as he was merely the 2nd president of the United States. Major Events: Major events during Adam ‘s Presidency include the Alien Sedition Acts, the initiation of the United States Navy and Marine Corps, naming John Marshall to the Supreme Court, and stoping the war in France through diplomatic negotiations. Another major event was Adams ‘ midnight assignments of Judgess to the Supreme Court. Major Obstacles: Adams had to follow the great lead of George Washington. Besides, he had to take whether to back up Britain or France in the Napoleonic wars. Other Info: One interesting fact about John Adams is that he was a attorney for the British Soldiers accused of opening fire on a crowd of Americans during the Boston slaughter. Adams and the officers won. After supporting BRITISH, John Adams still made it to the United States Presidency.Thomas Jefferson ( 1801-1809 )Most important domestic achievement: Jefferson ‘s most of import domestic achievement was geting the Louisiana Territory through the Louisiana Purchase. Since Jefferson was a rigorous constitutionalist, there needed to be a particular amendment drafted to give Congress power to buy the district. The district was purchased from the Gallic in 1803 for $ 15 million. Most important foreign achievement: Jefferson ‘s most important foreign achievement was the trade stoppage act of 1807. The act was put in topographic point following the Chesapeake-Leopard incident, where the American Chesapeake refused to subject to a hunt from the British Leopard. The act cut off American trade to Britain and France. Runner ups include the dialogue for the Louisiana district in France and staying comparatively impersonal in Europe. Economic Policy: Jefferson ‘s Economic policy was designed to extinguish American national debt. Jefferson felt that the United States did non necessitate to keep a national debt, and he besides repealed many Federalist revenue enhancements. One of the revenue enhancements repealed was the Whiskey revenue enhancement, which prompted the whiskey rebellion during Washington ‘s Presidency. Major Events: Major events include the Louisiana Purchase, the repealing of Federalist revenue enhancements, an effort to extinguish the national debt, and the beginning of Indian resettlement. Major Obstacles: Most of the major obstructions faced by Jefferson were due to the fact that the United States authorities was still immature. His biggest obstruction was taking all of the thoughts that were thought up before the revolution and do them concrete through Torahs and statute law. His presidential term tested how a philosopher such as Jefferson would work as a politician. Other Info: Thomas Jefferson undertook the battle against Adams ‘ midnight assignments. As you will remember, before John Adams left office he made legion midnight assignments, and these disquieted Jefferson. Jefferson worked difficult to take these assignments, and by making so left many Federalists without occupations. Jefferson besides fought against the creative activity of the first bank of the United States.James Madison ( 1809-1817 )Most important domestic achievement: Madison ‘s most important domestic achievement was eventually guaranting the People of the United States that independency from Britain had eventually been to the full reached. This happened after the war of 1812, in which we fought the British for the last clip in history, and for the 2nd clip in history we won. Most important foreign achievement: Madison ‘s most of import foreign achievement was the war of 1812. The war of 1812 was seen as a 2nd war for independency by some, and truly so. The war started because British naval officers would seek US ships and affect any British crewmans found on board. This, along with trade issues and other things caused tenseness between the United States and Britain. The war started in 1812 and lasted until 1815. The war was fought on land every bit good as on sea. Most of the combat on land was centered on the US Canada boundary line, and in the southern provinces. The ocean contending took topographic point on the Atlantic. The war ended on February 16, 1815 with the Treaty of Ghent. The war ended in a deadlock. Economic Policy: Madison supported the Second Bank of the United States, every bit good as high duties to protect new industries developed during the war of 1812. Since during the war domestic industrial strength was necessary, it was built up. Madison did non desire that industry to vanish after the war, so he implemented high duties. Major Events: Major events include the war of 1812, the initiation of the 2nd bank of the United States, a duty hiking to protect industry, the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings, and the prostration of the Federalist Party. Major Obstacles: The largest obstruction to Madison ‘s presidential term was the war of 1812. Madison is frequently criticized by historiographers for non avoiding war in the first topographic point, and utilizing diplomatic negotiations alternatively. Other Info: James Madison was a president who frequently changed his sentiment on cardinal issues. A major illustration of this was Madison ‘s initial disfavor of the add-on of a Bill of Rights to the Constitution, until he changed his head and became the writer of the Bill of Rights.James Monroe ( 1817-1825 )Most important domestic achievement: Monroe ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the execution of the Missouri Compromise. The Missouri Compromise was an understanding passed in 1820 that banned slavery above Missouri ‘s southern boundary line. The via media came after Missouri ‘s application to the brotherhood was rejected as a slave province. The passing of the Missouri via media was a beginning to what would finally germinate into the Civil War, because it began the North/South – No Slave/ Slave division of the state. Most important foreign achievement: Monroe ‘s most important foreign achievement was the establishing of the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine was put in topographic point in 1823 and fundamentally said that Europe was non welcome to come and colonise in the western hemisphere any longer, and that any effort at colonisation would be seen as a hostile act toward the United States, and would be dealt with quickly. The Monroe philosophy was a two sided trade though, so if Europe stayed out of America ‘s personal businesss, America would remain out of Europe ‘s personal businesss. Economic Policy: Monroe had troubles implementing economic policies because the terror of 1819 was doing a barbarous economic depression. This was the first major economic problem in the United States, so there were troubles in calculating out what to make about it. The crisis caused bank failures, foreclosures and unemployment ( sound familiar? ) . This was the terminal of the station war of 1812 growing. Monroe aided the economic system with Torahs like the Land Act of 1820 and the Relief Act of 1821. By 1823 the depression was over. Major Events: Major events include the Monroe Doctrine, the terror of 1819, the Missouri issue, the Missouri Compromise, the epoch of good feelings, and assorted internal betterments like roads, toll-roads, and canals. Major Obstacles: The terror of 1819, as it was the US ‘ first major depression. Other Info: James Monroe ‘s most of import part to history was the Monroe Doctrine, which would be brought up infinite times in defence of states in the Western hemisphere, whether it be for their benefit or for ours.John Q Adams ( 1825-1829 )Most important domestic achievement: Adams ‘ most important domestic achievement was the development of the American system. The American system was a high duty that supported internal betterments such as roads and canals. Along with bettering the state ‘s substructure, the American system promoted a individual national currency and a national bank. Adam ‘s program was really ambitious, and because of this non all of his proposals were accepted, but some were. Most important foreign achievement: Adams did n't truly hold any major foreign achievements as president. This is because before he was elected president, he was secretary of province, and as such solved most of the foreign jobs that would hold come up during his presidential term. This does non intend that Adams had a bad foreign policy ; it merely means that he put out most of the fires before they started. Economic Policy: Adams ‘ economic policy was centered on his thought for the American system. This meant that a batch of money was spent on internal betterments to the state, such as the edifice of canals and roads. Some of the betterments include the building of Portland canal and Dismal Swam canal. Adams besides believed in a incorporate national currency every bit good as a national bank. Major Events: Major events include the development of the American system, the effort a incorporate national currency, the constitution of the National Republican Party, and the sign language into jurisprudence of the duty of abominations. Major Obstacles: Adams was a hardworking, loyal to his state adult male who had undeniable intelligence. On paper, these are great qualities for a president. Trouble was that Adams refused to play political relations, and he failed to construct a loyal following. Therefore, he was doomed when re-elections rolled around. Other Info: It was during Adams ‘ presidential term that the duty of abominations was signed into jurisprudence. The South did non like the duty because it put a high revenue enhancement on goods the part had to import. This duty would construct up to the nullification crisis of 1832.Andrew Jackson ( 1829-1837 )Most important domestic achievement: Jackson ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the peaceable declaration of the Nullification Crisis. The Nullification Crisis of came about as a consequence of the duty of abominations, which raised duties on goods that the South had to import. The issue started when South Carolina claimed it had a right to invalidate the duty of abominations. A series of menaces followed the claim, both on the presidents and South Carolina ‘s side. The crisis ended when a via media duty was agreed upon and South Carolina retracted its old statements. Most important foreign achievement: During Andrew Jackson ‘s presidential term, there were no wars or struggles in either Europe or America, so Jackson focused on work outing the state ‘s domestic jobs instead than foreign 1s. Economic Policy: Andrew Jackson is the lone president in American history to pay off the national debt. Besides, he was really against the national bank. Because of this ( after a immense battle ) he vetoed the Bankss re-charter in 1832. After the national bank was removed, province and local Bankss sprang up and began to impart money. The job was that the Bankss lent more money than they had endorsing for. This over loaning on the portion of province and local Bankss was a direct cause of the terror of 1837. Major Events: Major events include the paying off of national debt, the enlargement of the spoils system, the nullification crisis, the closing of the 2nd bank of the United States, the remotion of Indians, and the blackwash effort on Jackson. Major Obstacles: The largest obstruction faced by Jackson was the nullification crisis, and had it non been solved the manner it was, the United States could hold split. This was merely one more measure on the route to the civil war. Other Info: Jackson was seen as a common adult male president. On his startup twenty-four hours people were allowed into the White House, doing it a large party and destroying furniture and rugs.Martin Van Buren ( 1837-1841 )Most important domestic achievement: Van Buren was a president that inherited the economic meltdown that Jackson left after closing down the national bank. In response to the depression and economic meltdown, Van Buren created the Independent Treasury System. This system was created to maintain federal financess, since so many Bankss were fall ining due to the depression. If he had non created this system, federal money would hold gone into the unstable province and local Bankss. Most important foreign achievement: During Van Buren ‘s presidential term, the United States kept out of the wars taking topographic point in Europe, so the foreign policy forepart was reasonably weak during his presidential term. Besides, the McKenzy rebellion took topographic point in Calgary, where the Gallic attempted to subvert British regulation in Canada, but the United States kept out of that struggle every bit good. Economic Policy: The most of import thing Van Buren did economically was to set up the Independent Treasury System. The Independent Treasury System allowed the United States authorities to set federal money in a safe topographic point, instead than in province or local Bankss which were really unstable at the clip. Major Events: Major Events include the terror of 1837, the constitution of the Independent Treasury system, and the deficiency of any kind of strong foreign policy. Major Obstacles: Van Buren was the president who suffered the effects of Jackson ‘s shutting of the national bank. This was his largest obstruction, because all of his policies were based around cleaning up the muss he inherited from Jackson. Other Info: Van Buren ‘s presidential term took topographic point during a dry enchantment in American political relations. This was a clip of tiring presidents that made no truly groundbreaking determinations.William Henry Harrison ( 1841 )Most important domestic achievement: Harrison ‘s most important domestic achievement was siting through cold Washington DC without a chapeau or coat, and giving the longest inaugural reference in history. As a consequence of this, Harrison had the shortest presidential term in history. Most important domestic achievement: Harrison did n't hold a foreign policy because his presidential term lasted a humongous 31 yearss, 12 hours, and 30 proceedingss. Economic Policy: Harrison did n't hold an economic policy because his presidential term lasted a humongous 31 yearss, 12 hours, and 30 proceedingss. Major Events: Major events include being inaugurated on March 4, 1841, and deceasing on March 26, 1841. Major Obstacles: The biggest obstruction confronting Harrison was the fact that his presidential term lasted 22 yearss. If that ‘s non an obstruction, I do n't cognize what is. Other Info: Harrison had the longest startup reference in history, but the shortest presidential term.John Tyler ( 1841-1845 )Most important domestic achievement: Tyler ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the appropriation of Texas in 1845. Texas would travel on to go a province nine months subsequently. Another achievement was the declaration of the Dorr rebellion. The Dorr rebellion was an armed rebellion that took topographic point in Rhode Island due to Thomas Wilson Dorr ‘s discontent with the province ‘s electoral system. As a consequence of the rebellion, Rhode Island granted right to vote to all freewomans irrespective of race. Most important foreign achievement: Tyler ‘s most important foreign achievement was the confirmation of the Webster-Ashburton pact, which defined a clear boundary line between Maine and Canada. Other than that, Tyler was a pretty laid back president during a stale clip in American political relations, so he truly did n't carry through much. Economic Policy: John Tyler was a Whig, and such he believed in the American system around which the Whigs economic policy centered. As a Whig, Tyler believed in a high protective duty, a national bank, and a strong internal substructure. These beliefs are how the Whig party started-because of their resistance to Jackson ‘s remotion of the 2nd bank of the United States. Major Events: Major events include the Dorr rebellion, the Webster-Ashburton pact, the blackwash effort on his life, and the stoping of the 2nd Seminole war. Major Obstacles: Tyler ‘s biggest obstruction was that he took office on such short notice. After Harrison died, Tyler was following in line to go president. After he took office, he was expected to lodge closely to the Whig ‘s party beliefs. He did n't. the perfect illustration of this is his twice vetoing of the statute law for the national banking act. Other Info: Tyler was a adult male that went into office out of the blue. He originally thought he was traveling to be Vice president, and so Bam: he ‘s president. This was a clip of deadening American political relations.James K Polk ( 1845-1849 )Most important domestic achievement: Polk ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the successful geting of the Oregon district from Great Britain. Since 1818 the district was under joint business by both America and Britain, but after Polk came into office he put a batch of force per unit area on Britain to give up the district. The Oregon pact of 1846 divided the Oregon district along the 19th analogue. Most important foreign achievement: Polk ‘s most important foreign achievement was the pact of Guadalupe Hidalgo. The pact of Guadalupe Hidalgo was a pact that came approximately after the terminal of the Mexican American war. The dainty gave the United States 525,000 square stat mis of land for $ 15 million. Economic Policy: Polk, being a Democrat, focused on cut downing the consequence of the Whig ‘s economic policy. He reduced the duty of abominations and abandoned many other duties. In 1846, Polk approved a jurisprudence that restored the Independent Treasury System, under which authorities financess were held in the Treasury instead than in unstable province and local Bankss. This established independent exchequer sedimentation office to have all authorities financess. Major Events: Major events include the pact of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the remotion of the duty of abominations, the geting of the Oregon district, the appropriation of Mexico, the American Mexican war, and the effort to by Cuba. Major Obstacles: The biggest obstructions during Polk ‘s presidential term had to make with the geting of land. First the Oregon district so the American Mexican war, so the appropriation of Texas. Other Info: Polk was one of the first presidents to encompass the thought of manifest fate, and to take the Unites States on a way of enlargement.Zachary Taylor ( 1849-1850 )Most important domestic achievement: Taylor ‘s most important domestic achievement was the organisation of the section of the inside. The section of the inside is the section that trades with the direction and preservation of federal lands. Moat important foreign achievement: Taylor ‘s most of import foreign achievement was the confirmation of the Clayton Bulwer pact. The Clayton Bulwer pact made it clear that neither the United States, no Britain would entirely have or keep a canal in South America. The pact did give the United States a leg up diplomatically. Economic Policy: Zachary Taylor was a Whig, and such he believed in the American system around which the Whigs economic policy centered. As a Whig, Taylor believed in a high protective duty, a national bank, and a strong internal substructure. Major Events: Major events include the organizing of the section of the inside, the Clayton Bulwer pact, bondage in the West, and the via media of 1850. Major Obstacles: Taylor ‘s presidential term lasted merely one twelvemonth. That was a reasonably large obstruction. Other Info: Zachary Taylor was a deadening, center of the route president. Besides, he was president during a distressingly deadening clip in American political relations.Millard Fillmore ( 1850-1853 )Most of import domestic achievement: Fillmore ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the Compromise of 1850, which admitted California to the Union and settled the issue of bondage in freshly acquired districts. It repealed the Missouri Compromise and divided the state along the 37th analogue. When districts applied for statehood the people of the province would make up one's mind whether to be free or break one's back. In return, the North passed a Fugitive Slave Bill, which allowed for the apprehension of fleeting slaves in the Free provinces. Most of import foreign achievement: Fillmore ‘s most of import foreign achievement was his promise to maintain out of Cuba for the exclusive intent of it non going a slave province. This is important because there had been talk of purchasing Cuba. Economic Policy: Millard Fillmore was a Whig, and such he believed in the American system around which the Whigs economic policy centered. As a Whig, Fillmore believed in a high protective duty, a national bank, and a strong internal substructure. Major Events: Major events include the via media of 1850, the burying about Cuba, being a Whig, and holding the last name Fillmore. Major Obstacles: Fillmore, like the last three presidents I ‘ve written about was a deadening president with deadening policies during a deadening clip in American political relations. That ‘s an obstruction. Other Info: Millard Fillmore did n't hold a frailty president, likely because he took over right after Taylor.Franklin Pierce ( 1853-1857 )Most important domestic achievement: A Pierce ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the transition of the Kansas Nebraska act. The Kansas Nebraska act created the districts of Kansas and Nebraska, and besides repealed the Missouri via media of 1820. Besides, the act put the pick of bondage in the people ‘s custodies ( by voting ) . As a response to the act the Republican Party was created. Kansas was admitted to the brotherhood as a free province, and Nebraska was non admitted until after the civil war. This act was a major blow in the stableness of the state, and was a direct cause of the civil war. Most important foreign achievement: A In foreign policy, Pierce wanted to demo a strong Democratic assertiveness. Many particular involvement groups pushed to take Cuba from weak and distant Spain. He besides wanted to open trade with Japan, which at the clip was unheard of. Finally he wanted to derive the advantage over Britain in Central America. The job was, Pierce was a really uneffective president and accomplished really few of his ends. Economic Policy: The state was holding a period of economic growing and there was peace on the economic forepart, but when an issue did come up his disposal Pierce did small to quiet the feelings that it aroused, and sectional lines were redrawn. Major Events: Major events include the Kansas Nebraska act, the via media of 1850, the Free State vs. slave province argument. Major Obstacles: Pierce ‘s biggest obstruction by far was his inability to take. He was a sympathetic cat, and made many friends in authorities, but when it came to acquiring things done he merely could n't. He talked quietly, but forgot his large stick at place. Other Info: Pierce is called one of the worst presidents in US history. The worst.James Buchanan ( 1857-1861 )Most important domestic achievement: Buchanan ‘s most important domestic achievement was the Dred Scott determination. A In 1857 an of import determination was given by the Supreme Court. The Dred Scott instance was put through by the North with the best purposes. But, the tribunal ruled that Dred Scott and all inkinesss were non citizens of the United States and as such had no right to action in the Supreme Court. To add abuse to injury, the Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional because merely provinces had the right to prohibit bondage. The populace in the North was outraged by this determination and refused to obey it. This caused tensenesss to turn, and brought the state to the threshold of civil war. Most important foreign achievement: Buchanan did n't truly hold a foreign policy. This was because he had to concentrate on the domestic issues. This was particularly true when it came to the Dred Scott determination, which made the north really disquieted and brought the state to the threshold of civil war. Economic Policy: Buchanan ‘s economic policy focused around incorporating the terror of 1857. The terror of 1857A was a downswing in the United States ‘ economyA that occurred in 1857. A recession began in 1856, but the failure of Bankss and concerns started a true terror in 1857. While the economic downswing was short, the recovery was was n't. The permanent impact of the terror lasted until the beginning of the civil war. Major Events: Major events include the Dred Scott instance, the Lincoln Douglas debates, and the constitution of the pony express. Major Obstacles: Most of Buchanan ‘s obstructions were political. As the civil war drew nearer, and sectional lines grew deeper, Buchanan faced more and more resistance from the southern United States. Other Information: Because of his inability to defuse the civil war state of affairs, James Buchanan is rated as one of the worst presidents of all clip.Abraham Lincoln ( 1861-1865 )Most important domestic achievement: The civil war was Lincoln ‘s figure one focal point during his presidential term was the civil war. The civil war started before Lincoln ‘s presidential term, and all of the war was left for Lincoln. After the first major Union triumph at Antietam, Lincoln gave the Emancipation Proclamation. It freed slaves in all districts that were non occupied by the Union ground forces. The emancipation announcement had two ends: foremost to maintain the British from assisting the South and to get down break one's back rebellions. The civil war ended 1865 when General Lee surrendered at the Appomattox courthouse. Most important foreign achievement: Lincoln ‘s most of import foreign achievement was maintaining ties with Europe during the war. During the Civil War, both the North and South of the United States wanted to maintain ties with the European states, peculiarly Britain and France. The British supported the South until the Emancipation Proclamation changed the focal point of the war, and they realized that back uping the South would be seen as support for bondage. This of class would be morally incorrect. Economic Policy: Lincoln ‘s economic policy was based around the civil war. Most of the money in the state went to the war. As you can conceive of, a war a big and dearly-won as the civil war does n't give much clip to shave any other economic policies. The economic policy helped give money to the North in order to crush the South in the civil war. Major Events: Major events include the civil war, the sequence of the South, the conflict of Antietam, the emancipation announcement, the winning of the war, and the blackwash of Lincoln. Major Obstacles: Lincoln ‘s biggest obstruction was the civil war. All of his policy was based around the war. His full disposal focused on the war. Other Information: Because of Lincoln ‘s suburb handling of the civil war, he is ranked as one of the state ‘s best presidents. Will he interrupt the form of stale tiring presidents? Stay tuned to happen out.Andrew Johnson ( 1865-1869 )Most important domestic achievement: Johnson ‘s most important domestic achievement focused around Reconstruction after the civil war. After Lincoln was assassinated, Johnson attempted to take control of the Reconstruction. But, with Lincoln dead, Congress forgot took that power from Johnson. Rather than utilizing of Lincoln ‘s 10 per centum program, a much harsher program was put in topographic point for readmitting provinces into the Union. States had to sign the thirteenth and 14th amendments to recover their seats in Congress. Merely Tennessee passed the 14th amendment. Because of Johnson ‘s inability to manage the South, he was impeached. Most important domestic achievement: Johnson ‘s best foreign policy determination by far was to buy Alaska from Russia for 15 million dollars. After it purchase, people mocked Johnson and his disposal for buying nil more than a large refrigerator. It was n't until after Johnson ‘s presidential term that the true value was realized. Gold and oil were found at that place doing the purchase of Alaska a good determination after all. Economic Policy: Johnson ‘s economic policy was based around the purchase of Alaska. The United States needed to set up 15 million dollars in order to buy Alaska, and at the clip that was a monumental undertaking. Because of the civil war, money was tight, and it took a batch to acquire Congress to hold upon giving the money for what at the clip was nil more than and icebox. Major Events: Major events include the 13-15th amendments, the purchase of Alaska, the Reconstruction of the South, and the impeachment of Johnson. Major Obstacles: Johnson ‘s largest obstructions came from inside the authorities. A perfect illustration of this is the Reconstruction attempt of the South. Since Congress was unhappy with Johnson ‘s work they took the Reconstruction powers from him. Other Info: Johnson was the first US president to be impeached, but non the last.Ulysses S Grant ( 1869-1877 )Most important domestic achievements: Grants most of import domestic achievements had to make with all of the dirts he was involved in. Grant ‘s cabinet consisted of his old friends who used their stations to do money and have power. Because of this, Grant ‘s disposal was filled with corruptness. Most important foreign achievement: Grant ‘s foreign policy had to make with keeping Britain responsible for its â€Å" neutrality † during the civil war. During the Geneva courts, the British were found guilty and the United States got 15 million dollars for their problems. Besides, the United States and Britain agreed on boundaries for angling and such. Economic Policy: Grant ‘s economic policy had to make with economic growing and enlargement. Although grants disposal had more leaks than a slug filled ship, there was still economic enlargement. The populace was really happy with Grant ‘s decrease of the national debt. Major Events: Major events include the completion of the transcontinental railway, the 15th amendment which gave all citizens right to vote, and the innovation of the telephone. Major Obstacles: The biggest obstruction confronting Grant and his disposal was the corruptness that was wild present at that place. Grant was cogent evidence that a great military leader does non needfully do a great president. Other Info: Grant was a president with possible, but he chose to allow his friends into his disposal, and to let corruptness to run in his presidential term.Rutherford B Hayes ( 1877-1881 )Most important domestic achievement: Hayes ‘ most of import domestic achievement was the civil service reform. Hayes gave anA executive orderA that prohibited office holders from acquiring party money. This led Hayes to take many employees in authorities in an attempt to â€Å" clean house † and put an terminal to party corruptness. This led to tenseness between Hayes and members of authorities. Most important foreign achievement: Hayes said in his Inaugural Address that he wanted the state to maintain â€Å" our traditional regulation of nonintervention in the personal businesss of foreign states. † He was really good at following this policy, and because of it he kept out of foreign affairsaˆÂ ¦.except for the edifice of the Panama Canal, which he attempted but did n't win due to political grounds. Economic Policy: Hayes was a fiscal conservative. As a fiscal conservative Hayes believed in little authorities, strong concern, and limitation free capitalist economy. Besides, he believed in low revenue enhancements. Major Events: Major events include the terminal of Reconstruction, the railway work stoppage of 1877, and the installing of electric street visible radiations, the via media of 1876, and the bland Alison act. Major Obstacles: Hayes ‘ biggest obstruction was the fact that he won the election by such a bantam border. Because of this, all throughout his presidential term Hayes was critiqued for the determinations he made. Other Info: Hayes ‘ most celebrated quotation mark is â€Å" He serves his party best who serves his state best. †James Garfield ( 1881 )Most important domestic achievement: Garfield did n't truly hold a domestic policy because merely a few months after his presidential term he was shot and killed. Most important foreign achievement: Garfield was unable to pattern a foreign policy as he was shot a few months after he was elected president. Economic Policy: Garfield did n't hold an economic policy. Most people are unable to do or pattern an economic policy when they are shot dead merely a few months after they are elected to the presidential term. Major Events: Major events include being elected into office in 1881, and being shot and killed in 1881. Major Obstacles: The biggest obstruction faced by James Garfield was that he was shot merely a few months after he came into office. That is a reasonably large obstruction if you ask me. Other Info: Garfield had the 2nd shortest presidential term, 2nd merely to William Henry Harrison.Chester A Arthur ( 1881-1885 )Most important domestic achievement: Arthur ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the passing of the Pendleton act. The Pendleton act placed federal employees on a virtue system and put an terminal to the long hated spoils system. The act was passed because of Garfield ‘s blackwash. The Act was passed into jurisprudence on January 16 1883. Most important foreign achievement: Arthur ‘s most important foreign achievements had to make with spread outing the US navy. Arthur realized that if the United States wanted to spread out, it would necessitate a strong naval forces. He was the first US president to alter the navy ships over from Fe to steel. Steel is lighter and stronger than Fe. Economic Policy: Arthur had a deadening economic policy, one that is non even deserving composing about. Major Events: Major events include the constitution of the steel naval forcess, and the passing of the Pendleton act. Major Obstacles: Arthur ‘s obstructions came from inside the authorities. When he passed civil service reform, he faced strong internal resistance because the spoils system helped specify authorities. Arthur believed in a strong, honorable authorities. Other Info: The universe ‘s first skyscraper was constructed in Chicago during Arthur ‘s presidential term.Grover Cleveland ( 1885-1889 )Most important domestic achievement: Cleveland ‘s most of import domestic achievement was his handling of labour brotherhoods. All throughout his presidential term, Cleveland had to cover with the ups and downs and temper swings of the labour brotherhoods. These fits ranged from little work stoppages to violent rebellions. Most of these labour brotherhoods had to cover with railwaies or other large companies that paid their people excessively small and overworked them. Most important foreign achievement: Cleveland ‘s most important foreign achievement was the Britain Venezuela boundary difference. Great Britain tried to conflict on Venezuela ‘s district for gold, and America threatened to ordain the Monroe philosophy. Britain tried to play tufa for a piece, but finally backed down. In the terminal a pact was written up, and neither side won or lost. The result was a Latin America that was happy with the United States and a universe that knew that the US was a force to be reckoned with. Economic Policy: The duty of 1883 lowered antecedently high duties. The duty raised up as a major issue between the Democrats and the republicans. Major Events: Major events include the Haymarket public violence, the interstate commercialism act, the terror of 1893, and the Pullman work stoppage. Major Obstacles: Cleveland ‘s biggest obstructions came from the labour brotherhoods. These brotherhoods ranged from mild strikers to downright violent rebellions that resulted in serious hurt or decease to all who participated. Other Info: Henry Ford made his first auto during Grover Cleveland ‘s presidential term.Benjamin Harrison ( 1889-1893 )Most important domestic achievement: Harrison ‘s most important domestic achievement was the passing of the Sherman anti-trust act. The Act passed without resistance since both parties made promises about ordaining trust ordinances. However, the act was really weak, and was written really mistily. Because of this, even though the trusts were attacked none were of all time to the full removed. Most important foreign achievement: Harrison ‘s disposal was really aggressive in foreign policy and enlargement. An illustration of this is the Samoan struggle where the United States imperialized its first district that far from its shores. Economic Policy: Harrison had an economic policy of high duties, trust busting, and silver reform. The thing Harrison is most celebrated for though is the busting of trusts, or trust busting. This was accomplished through the Sherman anti-trust act. The Sherman anti-trust act was weakly enforced though, so trusts ne'er to the full disappeared. Major Events: Major events include the Sherman anti-trust act, the Sherman Ag purchase act, and the McKinley duty. Major Obstacles: Harrison did n't truly confront any obstructions that could be described as major. Or minor. He did n't confront any obstructions at all truly. Other Info: A Nellie Bly set a record by going around the universe in 72 yearss.Grover Cleveland ( 1893-1897 )Most important domestic achievement: Cleveland ‘s most of import domestic achievement was his handling of labour brotherhoods. All throughout his presidential term, Cleveland had to cover with the ups and downs and temper swings of the labour brotherhoods. These fits ranged from little work stoppages to violent rebellions. Most of these labour brotherhoods had to cover with railwaies or other large companies that paid their people excessively small and overworked them. Most important foreign achievement: Cleveland ‘s most important foreign achievement was the Britain Venezuela boundary difference. Great Britain tried to conflict on Venezuela ‘s district for gold, and America threatened to ordain the Monroe philosophy. Britain tried to play tufa for a piece, but finally backed down. In the terminal a pact was written up, and neither side won or lost. The result was a Latin America that was happy with the United States and a universe that knew that the US was a force to be reckoned with. Economic Policy: The duty of 1883 lowered antecedently high duties. The duty came up as a major issue between the Democrats and the republicans. Major Events: Major events include the Haymarket public violence, the interstate commercialism act, the terror of 1893, and the Pullman work stoppage. Major Obstacles: Cleveland ‘s biggest obstructions came from the labour brotherhoods. These brotherhoods ranged from mild strikers to downright violent rebellions that resulted in serious hurt or decease to all who participated. Other Info: Cleveland is the lone president in history to hold two nonconsecutive footings.William McKinley ( 1897-1901 )Most important domestic achievement: McKinley ‘s most of import domestic achievement was the appropriation of Hawaii. The trade was that the United States would annex Hawaii and presume their $ 4 million on debt. Because of the appropriation of Hawaii, it would subsequently travel on to go a US State. Besides, without Hawaii, where would I travel on holiday? Most important foreign achievement: McKinley ‘s most important foreign achievement was the Spanish American war. The war was caused because Cuba wanted to contend off Spain ‘s subjugation. The existent ground for the war was xanthous news media, which made the state of affairs in Cuba seem worse than what it really was, and that is what caused the United States to travel to war. The thing that truly set off the war was the detonation of the USS Maine in Havana seaport. The xanthous journalists made it seem like the Cubans did this, when in fact it was an unknown detonation. Economic Policy: McKinley ‘s economic policy put the gilded criterion as the lone criterion. It was because of this that the whole Ag thought was forgotten. Besides, the Dingley act put in a duty of 16 % , the highest of all clip, and in some instances up to 57 % . Major Events: Major events include the Spanish American war, the pact of Paris, and the insular instances.Major Obstacles:Other Info: During McKinley ‘s presidential term Hawaii, Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines became American ownerships.DecisionDuring this clip period there were great presidents and awful presidents. The trade name new American democracy had to get by with immense challenges, and it was because of these leaders that we have progressed to where we are today.

Sunday, September 29, 2019

Howard Gardner -Theory Essay

Most learning institutions generally focus education on the linguistic and mathematical intelligence. Children in pre-school are first taught to know their ABCs and to count from one to ten. Those who can recite the alphabet well are considered bright students. Learners who can do addition at an early age are placed on the honors list. It had been that intelligence is measured using IQ tests. The higher the IQ is the smarter the person is. But the Theory of Multiple Intelligences, proposed by Howard Gardner in the year 1983, states otherwise. The theory basically implies that other than linguistic and mathematical competence, there are other or multiple aspects of the learning that should be considered as intelligence also. Likewise, the theory points out that standardized IQ tests is not a sufficient measurement of smartness or dumbness of a person. Gardner’s theory stirred the psychological and educational communities. It received varied reactions. Some were impressed and readily accepted the theory as it explains the differences of each students. Yet, some raised their eyebrows and issues sprouted as questions of validity and empirical evidences of the theory may not sustain the claims of the theory. There have been a lot of debates pertaining to multiple intelligences. Several writers have also expressed their varied opinions regarding the topic. Indeed the theory   proves to be an interesting milestone in the study of human learning and cognitive sciences. It also gives a lot of insight on how education in the future would affect the different abilities of each person. The theory, which is more than 20 years old, is already accepted and even integrated in some school but at the same time still in the middle of scrutiny. Howard Gardner was born in 1943 in Scranton, Pennsylvania. His parents   were originally from N ‘rnberg, Germany. They went to the US in 1938 with their three-year old son Eric. Before Gardner was born, Eric died in a sleighing accident. These were not known to Howard during his childhood but have a fairly significant impact upon his thinking and development. He was discouraged from trying risky physical activities and was rather   encouraged to develop his creative and intellectual abilities. As he began to find out his family history, he realized that he was different from his parents and friends. For his education , he went to a preparatory school in Kingston , Pennsylvania against his parents wish to send him to Phillips Academy in Andover , Massachusetts . After that, Gardner attended Harvard University and took up a course in history in preparation for a career in law. In Harvard he was able to study under scholars like Eric Erickson, sociologists David Riesman and cognitive psychologist Jerome Burner. Howard Gardner’s theory on multiple intelligences attempts to provide a comprehensive view of intelligence. In the psychological era where the single theory prevailed, Gardner broke away and stopped from settling with just a single factor to be held responsible for intelligence. He rejected the idea of measuring intelligence through IQ tests. According to Howard Gardner, human beings have nine different kinds of intelligence that reflect different ways of interacting with the world. Gardner developed the well-known theory of eight multiple intelligences, consisting of verbal/linguistic, musical, logical/mathematical, visual/spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalist intelligences. For Gardner, a person must satisfy a range of these criteria in order to quality as a person possessing intelligence. This is a much better theory, because it does not limit itself to a single entity. Compared to a single theory of intelligence where the theorist must restrict himself into choosing one that would provide the answer to measuring a person’s knowledge and abilities, Gardner’s theory opens itself to the possibility that there could be many areas where a person could demonstrate his skills and knowledge. The advantage of Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences lies in its being an â€Å"account of human cognition in its fullness†. It takes into account that man is equipped with a basic set of intelligences and that each man is unique with respect to which different components of the set of intelligences he may possess. This leads to the notion that man has the opportunity of taking advantage of his uniqueness by tailoring his education in accordance with his strengths and weaknesses. Howard Gardner introduced his theory of multiple intelligences in 1983. Multiple Intelligences is a theory about the brain that says human beings are born with a single intelligence, that cannot be changed, and is measurable by a psychologist. Gardner believes that that there is eight different intelligences in humans. Most intelligence tests only one or two intelligences, usually language and logic. Six others according to Gardner are musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist. Gardner believes that everyone acquires all eight of these intelligences, and through environment, genetics, and different experiences no two people have the same make up of intelligences. Because of these differences we need to look at educating students differently. We can either overlook these differences in our students and teach them all the same way, or realize that all students have different intellectual strengths and weaknesses, and factor these differences into the way we teach our students. Unfortunately in our schools if a student has an understanding of the intelligences language, and logic, than they will have no problem passing the kind of tests that are given in school, which in turn will make them feel that they are very smart. But another student who may have weaker language, and logic intelligences but is altogether just as intelligent as the other student, will never is able to pass the tests required in our schools. And in turn these students will grow up feeling as if they are not smart, when in fact they can be extremely intelligent. Some students may have a better understanding of subjects if only they were taught to use any other of their intelligences to understand a particular subject. Students and educators need to figure out how a particular mind works, for them to better learn and understand. If a student at an early age feels that they are not as smart as the other students, it will affect them for their whole lives. They will feel differently about themselves, and school. This will also cause a low self-esteem which will hurt them, and keep them from reaching their full potential. Gardner believes that a student first needs to try to improve their language, and logic intelligences, but if they can’t they should know that they still have the ability to learn, and should try using many of their other intelligences. Basically educators and students need to realize that no two people think the same way, and need to modify the curriculum to help every student learn and understand. Gardner believes that elementary school should not be a time of strict, disciplined learning, but a time to teach the joy of learning. Young children need to learn the differences between, opinions, beliefs, and evidence, and this will carry them throughout the later education years.   I think that in our schools we have some a few programs like classes for gifted students, and classes for slower students. But when it comes down to it everyone is taught the same material in the same way, and is everyone is expected to pass the same test. I think that seeing what Gardner believes in our classrooms today would be encouraging, and wonderful. But I also think that realistically it would be very difficult to be carried out in all of our schools. But when it comes down to it we as a nation needs to realize that our children are the future of our country. Resources: Website: http://www.pbs.org/wnet/gperf/education/ed_mi_overview.html July 19, 2010 http://www.thelearningweb.net/chapter10/page365.html

Saturday, September 28, 2019

The controversy of MLDA PowerPoint Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The controversy of MLDA - PowerPoint Presentation Example However, this paper presents the arguments and statistics put forward by the two sides of the controversy in supporting their claims. The Controversy of MLDA MLDA or the minimum legal age for drinking has been one controversial issue ever since its inception in the 1850s. This controversy arises from the proponents and opponents of either raising or lowering the MLDA. Before establishing the controversy, it is important to examine a brief history of the MLDA. After prohibition ended, many states restricted the access of alcohol by the youth by designating 21 years as the minimum legal age for drinking. However, between the years of 1970 and 1975, about 29 states reduced the MLDA to eighteen, nineteen, or twenty years, (AMA 1). This was a time when the lowest age for activities such as voting was also being reduced. At this time, scientists started studying the impacts of a reduced MLDA, by focusing on motor vehicle accidents, the leading cause death of teenagers. Several such studies indicated that accidents significantly increased among teens when MLDA was reduced. Armed with the facts that a lower age for drinking led to more traffic fatalities and injuries among the youth, citizen advocacy groups piled pressure on states to restore MLDA to 21 years. Indeed, between 1976 and 1983, 16 states increased their drinking age. This was met with resistance from other states amid rising concerns that minors would traverse across state lines in order to purchase and consume liquor. This prompted the federal government to pass the Uniform Drinking Act. Among alcohol policies, MLDA is the most studied, with studies mainly focusing on the effects of either a higher or lower MLDA, (AMA 1). Therefore, MLDA continues to elicit controversy even as all the 50 states have set the MLDA at 21 years, with exceptions existing in different states regarding consumption at home, medical necessity, and under adult supervision among others. So where does the controversy lie? Those who p ropose the reduction in the MLDA from 21 years argue that it has not put a stop to teenage drinking. Instead, it has transferred underage binge drinking into private and less restricted environments, and this has led to increased health and life-threatening behavior by teenagers. For example, while many believe that people who are under the age of 21 years are prohibited from alcohol consumption in the US, underage drinking is permitted in 29 states if it is done on private premises with parental consent, in 25 states if used for religious purposes, and in 7 states of it used for educational purposes. Those who oppose the lowering of the minimum age for drinking argue that teenagers have not yet attained an age where they are capable of responsibly handling alcohol, and hence have a higher likelihood of causing harm and even killing themselves or others by drinking prior to the age of 21. Their perception is that when the lowest age for drinking is increased, the number of traffic f atalities decrease. In fact, research findings tend to support the claims by the people who oppose the lowering of the MLDA. According to the American Medical Association (1), a higher drinking age is successful in curbing alcohol-related deaths and injuries among the youth. When the age is lowered, the death and injury rates increase. When the age is increased, the death and injury rates decrease. This also means that the number of motor vehicle accidents decrease with an increase in drinking age.

Friday, September 27, 2019

Literature Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Literature Review - Essay Example This has resulted to researchers and educational scholars into seeking the appropriate wait-time that teachers should give to ELL students. ELL students pose a challenge because of their language-learning disability (Becker and Goldstein, 2011). Understanding of concepts and subject ideas, systematic ideas reflection, critical thinking, and content comprehension of an ELL student on a subject determines the response that a student gives to a question. However, effective learning for learners does not solely contribute to response given by ELL students. Wait time has a substantial effect on the response that an ELL student gives to a classroom question. Existing research by Beyondpenguins.ehe.osu.edu (2013) classifies silence time in a classroom into eight categories including: student-pause time, within-teacher presentation pause time, within-student’s response pause-time, post-teacher question time, student pause-time, post-student responsive wait time, teacher pause-time, st udent task-completion work-time and impact pause time. Despite the detailed wait-time classification, there has been no concrete conclusion on the specific wait-time required for elementary ELL students to respond to questions. ... ed student participation through volunteering more answers that are appropriate, increase in the analysis and synthesis of the context , which results to students giving evidence-inference responses that are more speculative( Cooper and Irizarry, 2013). Increased wait-time contributes to improved students’ self-confidence in responding to questions, increased rate of student asking questions on clarity as well as higher students’ achievement. Simply by increasing wait time, especially to students who have to translate the question into their mother tongue and then critically evaluate the questions to give a response, teachers can influence the quantity of correct responses to questions (Cooper and Irizarry, 2013). According to Mohr & Mohr (2007), a teacher should allow sufficient wait time to support ELL students to switch from hearing in a foreign language into reasoning and thinking in their first language, and then giving the response to the question. Additionally, i ncreased wait time has proved to enhance the cognitive techniques applied by a student to give responses. Relationship between Increased Wait-Time and Critical Thinking Several studies indicate that teacher’s wait time is often associated with the thoughtfulness and comprehension of a student answer to classroom questions (Huntley, 2008). Notably, teachers do not give sufficient time for students to internalize, think critically, and se comprehensive knowledge to respond to classroom questions. Teachers who only give elementary English Language Learners (ELL) students a few seconds to respond to classroom questions evoke student recall on a subject rather than critical thinking (Cruz and Thornton, 2013). In many occasions, ELL students translate the question into the first language to understand it

Thursday, September 26, 2019

Analysis of Eisenhower's farewell adress Term Paper

Analysis of Eisenhower's farewell adress - Term Paper Example In itself, it is a vision and a masterpiece addressing the need for balance in all aspects of our undertakings. Today, we are going to go on an odyssey, exploring in detail the constituents of the Farewell Address – the words and thoughts of Eisenhower. Why? - The theme in the address The farewell speech delivered by Eisenhower on the last night of his post as president was centered on subjects vital for citizens of any country aspiring towards progress and better quality of life. He reflected on important issues like time, defense, intricacies between military and industries, vigilance and use of wise judgments pertaining to the need of time. But what underlined each arena of the subject that he touched was the counseling for balance as a common denominator. He emphasized on the need to weigh each matter in the light of priorities, need, necessity, consequences and its implications. Hence, laying stress on the prominence and demand of balance in each context. In his speech hi s concern for the threat to American liberty at the hands of Communism and Soviet Union was clearly discernible. He made reference to the four wars that took place in the twentieth century three amongst which involved the United States of America. His point was not only to have the ability to encounter such danger but also to do so in a manner that did not put American liberty in jeopardy. He also feared that in accordance with the progress in the modern age perpetual expansion of the federal state would pose a threat to the ideals along which the American society had worked for ages. He repeatedly accentuated the need to hold the precarious line of balance in regard while taking decisions that would not only affect domestic but also foreign policies, and reminded the listeners that proposals must be considered in a broader prospect. Prospects that would take into account the consistency, maintenance, efficiency and balance between as well as within national programs. The reason beh ind stressing repeatedly on the need for balance was essentially made because of potential threats inherent in a big government. However that was definitely not all. Eisenhower identified in his speech several other foci that could culminate in imbalance. One of many was to condemn the use of material assets belonging to the future generations as mortgage and hence desecrate the valuable elements and symbols of political history and spiritual heritage. Amongst his greatest concerns was to not become enslaved in the web created by â€Å"scientific- technological elite†. He also referred in his speech to another potential source of imbalance, the attainment of uncalled for and undesirable influence of the military-industrial complex, cautioning here on the misplacement of power and its potential to weave disasters. What? – The type of document The farewell speech of Eisenhower was a piece that issued caution to the nature while addressing matters of grave concern that we re controversial but significant to touch at that point in time. His speech centered on his concern regarding dissemination of peace in the world and the need to develop friendly international ties and relations. Furthermore, his calling of attention towards the military and the domestic arms industry and the possibilities and implications associated with it along with the need for surveillance demonstrated the need for judicious decisions. His address was not only limited to that point in time but was a vision that

Wednesday, September 25, 2019

Advocacy Assessment based on Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes Essay

Advocacy Assessment based on Conditional Cash Transfer Programmes... (see attachment) - Essay Example mote the Progresa as the model for CCTs or safety net programmes in countries in which the World Bank has a policy influence like in Nicaragua (Bradshaw 2008, citing the work of SEDESOL 2003). Bradshaw (2008), however, advanced five criticisms on the Progresa/Oportunidades model. First, the empowerment of women is only incidental rather than a main aim of the Progresa. In words of Bradshaw (2008) as suggested by Molyneux (2006), women are â€Å"at the service of the New Poverty Agenda rather than served by this agenda.† Second, based on the experience of the Progresa/Oportunidades, the higher grant for women’s enrolment into schools were interpreted by beneficiaries as higher costs involved in sending females to schools thereby discouraging the poor to send their girls to schools. Third, the Progresa/Opurtinadades program failed to explicitly recognize the highly unequal relations between men and women in the households and, thus, even if wives are allowed by their husbands to collect money under the CCTs, the power relations in the households remain lopsided in favour of males. Fourth, the CCT as implemented in the Progresa/Opurtunidades failed to target th e poorest among the poor well enough. Finally or fifth, the CCT as implemented in the Progresa/Oportunidades have been inadequate in teaching mothers the â€Å"mothering skills† in â€Å"improving their families’ health, nutrition, and education.† Based on the program implementation assessment, the key features of a CCT program that should be implemented in Nicaragua is something that has benefited from the lessons that can be obtained on the CCT as implemented in Mexico and other countries. In upgrading the CCT program, we can derive valuable lessons from Bradshaw (2008) that can improve the implementation of the CCT in Nicaragua. The lessons from Bradshaw (2008) can be translated into a five-point reform for the CCT in Nicaragua. First, we must include the empowerment of women of women as the main aims of

Tuesday, September 24, 2019

New Zealand Bank Lending Practice Research Proposal

New Zealand Bank Lending Practice - Research Proposal Example Personal Lending is one such area where the lending rates are higher as compared to other conventional users of banking thus finance companies tend to bet more on them and in the process sometimes violate their own lending criterion. Finance Companies in New Zealand are continuously heating up the personal lending market by allowing generous limits to the consumers. In this process they tend to violate their own lending policies also. This research will undertake to analyze the reasons behind the violations of the lending policies by Finance companies in New Zealand. The current subprime crisis in US clearly suggest that finance companies including Banks have tended to avoid exercising general prudence while making lending decisions. Getting consumer credit through various financial institutions especially banks requires consumers to maintain a certain degree of credit rating in order to qualify for those loans. Unlike large corporate companies, consumers or rather individuals pose a different challenge and dynamics to financial institutions to cater their needs for credit and formal funding requirements of these individuals. It is because of this reason that various banks and financial institutions have developed their internal rating methodologies which they assign to various consumers asking for credit. Banks than through their internal as well external credit scores or ratings decide to whom they should provide the credit. These criteria of credit rating often are designed to be tough since Banks in order to avoid defaults, tighten their cri teria to extend the credit to these customers. However, due to increasing needs of those customers, whose credit history or their credit ratings do not fall under the criteria laid down by the banks, banks try to accommodate them also. Most of the banking groups within Australia and New Zealand have therefore entered into practices which defy the most basic precautions when lending in personal loan market. This is now resulting into increasing provisions from the banks. (Verrender, 2008) Statement of the Purpose and Significance of the study The study is significant in the sense that it would be one of its kinds to study the qualitative reasons behind this phenomenon and may lead us to the indications of the financial procyclicality impacts on the financial sector of New Zealand. The so called KiwiSaver rules have allowed banks to charge interest rates much beyond the normal rates despite the fact that Card debits especially in case of Credit Cards, Mortgages as well as personal loans are tied up with the mortgages of the customer. In this way, they get extra and in order to earn extra, they loose or violate their lending practices to accommodate the borrowers. (Stock, 2008) Further, to this, Finance Companies in the country are considered to be more aggressive while making lending decisions which in turn put pressures on the overall liquidity position in the financial sector thus effectively straining the resources of the nation. It is believed that the Finance companies in New Zealand have not yet fully developed the credit scoring models also to effectively

Monday, September 23, 2019

Racial Relations in the U.S Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Racial Relations in the U.S - Essay Example Another thing that became a major hindrance in the community is racial abuse. Racial abuse has resulted in diversified and serious effects on adolescents and adults. The effects of racial harassment have long-standing issues and may stretch through out the life span. Short term or long term bullying tend to have serious mental difficulties on adults. Adults who continue to bully get into serious troubles and commit crimes like, marital violence, child abuse etc. It also affects the cordial relationship between the family members and friends. Though inequalities still exists, it doesn't mean that there shouldn't be any racial and ethnical categorization. In the present world scenario utmost importance is given to human rights. Under United Nations resolution human rights to every citizen of every country should be considered as an important factor. It's every country's responsibility to protect its citizen's basic human rights. Human rights violation should be considered as a serious offence, legal and appropriate action should be taken against those who violate these rights Assessing student's abilities and disabilities is the major factor and teachers should strive to identify these issues. By identifying their strengths and weaknesses one can easily work on these issues. Self-confidence plays an important role in everyone's lives. It is the deciding factor that decides a winner and a loser. In US the Blacks are the largest immigrants. They migrated from the far lands of the black continent Africa. In the past, since these countries were not as developed as US and their socio-economic structure was on decline, many of the citizens were forced to work as slaves and have to migrate to US. In US, Black immigrants have less education and less skill set, even among Black women also. Apart from other groups these Blacks have less human capital, so they have very less employers in their group and it is indirectly affecting their economic status and social environment also. Gender inequality was always prevailed among the Blacks. Since they were not the major community and further more they were immigrants, they had to face the brunt of racial abuse. One of the reasons of racial abuse was, fear among the US citizens was losing the jobs to these immigrants. Since the Blacks were ready to work for fewer wages there always lies the danger of losing jobs. Most of the Blacks were more or less unskilled or semi-skilled. This makes them of losing jobs very often. This brings more responsibilities on average Black women. Now she has to work outside to meet the daily requirements and look after the family. Journal 2 Bullying and racial harassment were the most dreaded things that most of the blacks and their children experienced in the pre and post civil war. The major reasons to start bullying and racial abusing depends on the characters surrounding the respective environment (like parents, neighbors, etc.,), children will face the immediate effect since they are the immediate guardians to the children, if not this parents or teachers at school whoever are close to the children with respect to time get to influence them. Human beings develop or grow by observing the surroundings and so they are called as social animals. The madness of depression is the antithesis of violence. It is a storm indeed, but a storm of murk. Soon evident are the slowed-down responses, near

Sunday, September 22, 2019

Global Trade operations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Global Trade operations - Essay Example For a long time most companies have carried out trade between each other to dispose of their supplies in the most economical way and also acquire the products they do not have. In many cases, these transactions often boost the foreign policy between the involved parties especially where there is a mutual production of what the other nation lacks. The web of cross border trading by many countries therefore necessitated harmonisation of the international trade to make transactions easy and reduce time wastage at the ports. Global documents of trade were therefore adopted to simply this process. With export and import trade harmonised, an import of frozen fish for a British retailer from a supplier in Taiwan through FCL shipment in a refrigerated container and the Incoterm CIP Felixstowe use would be verified through the following documentation of export import trade. From the point of export in Taiwan, the supplier will have to present to the importer a supplier’s invoice since the transaction is in place. Suppliers invoice will serve the purpose of indicating the transaction cost to be incurred by the retailer for the supply of frozen fish from Taiwan to his destination. It should be made in a way that it reflects the nature of the export agreements. The agreement in this case is delivery up to the retailer’s premises using the CIP Felixtowe. If it happens that the frozen fish is further packed into large polythene packages, then a packing note would be used to indicate the contents of each sub-package in the refrigerated container. These details could be in form of kilograms or pieces of standard weight if the exporting supplier has standard package measures. This document will help the retailer to quickly verify one large package for consistency as a sample for his order instructions. In addition, the supplier will attach or provide a copy of

Saturday, September 21, 2019

Medicines and drugs Essay Example for Free

Medicines and drugs Essay A drug or medicine is a chemical that alters incoming sensory sensations, mood or emotions, or physiological state. Painkillers, hallucinogens and alcohols are examples of drugs and medicines that alter incoming sensory sensations. Prozac and alcohol alter mood or emotions Steroids, cigarettes and heart medicines alter physiological state, including consciousness, activity level or coordination. Drugs such as antiseptics, antibiotics and antivirals are infection fighters; hormones and vitamins affect body chemistry or metabolism; stimulants, depressants, analgesics and anesthetics affect the central nervous system and the brain. It is also important to understand that the human body has great natural healing processes; some drugs just increase the rate of natural healing. Also, there could be a placebo effect, it is when a pharmacologically inert substance that make seems to help because the person taking the substance was told that it would work. Placebo effect is examined by giving sugar pills to one group of tests patients, and real drugs to another group (when they are not aware of which they receive). B.1.2: Outline the stages involved in research, development and testing of new pharmaceutical products. This takes a very long time and costs a fortune, and is often controlled by the government. Before drugs are tested on humans, they must be testing on various animals (start with small animals and then go to bigger ones). The range of effective doses, the doses in which side-effects arise and the lethal doses have to be determined. There are 3 phases then; clinical trial; clinical evaluation (more in depth analysis); human studies with more evaluation, Very few drugs make it to the market, and the development would have cost a lot. Sometimes, things can still go wrong, like Thalidomide. It was given to pregnant women to treat morning sickness, but it cause deformities in babies! Now it is still used, but to treat skin sores. B.1.3. Describe the different methods of administering drugs * Oral: Very convenient. However, it might not be reliable as the rate of absorption depends on drug concentration, stomach content and pH value. As most is absorbed in the small intestines, so the drug must survive the gastric acid. Therefore it often lays in time release capsules. * Rectal: Good when drug cannot be taken orally due to vomiting or because the drug is pH sensitive. * Inhalation: Rapid, as there are loads of blood vessels in the lungs, and therefore a drug would have a reliable effect. Good for general anaesthesia, and asthma medicine. * Parental o Just below the skin; slower than for intravenous. Used often for dental injections o Into muscles; for large doses, or when immediate response is not needed (vaccines etc). o Intravenous; almost instantaneous, but cannot be undone when injected! Fatty lipids may bind some kinds of drugs, so the drugs wont leave the body so fast The half life of a drug is the time for half the dose in the body to be eliminated. B.1.4. Discuss the terms lethal dosage (LD50), tolerance and side effects. LD50 is the lethal dose for 50% of the population; and it varies a lot from drug to drug. When one is tolerant, then one has to take a larger dose in order to feel the wanted effects. Some people after often use of a drug becomes dependant on it; physically (they must have it to be able to function physically) or psychologically (they must have it to feel right). Tolerance doesnt necessarily mean that one gets used to the harmful effects. Sometimes it is hard to know the difference between main effect and side effect. A drug has many effects, and some patients benefit from a few of those effects; then those are the main effects, and all the other are side effects. Someone else, with another disease may benefit from other effects, and then those become the main effects. There are always harmful effects too. The risk : benefit ratio should also be considered. B.2.1. State and explain how excess acidity in the stomach can be reduced by the use of different bases. Bases, most often metal oxides, hydroxides, carbonates or hydrogen carbonates are used as antacids. These react with acid in the stomach to adjust the pH value. The purpose of gastric acid is to kill off bacteria, and help in digestion. However, over-eating or stress stimulates more production of acid, causing discomfort. The active ingredients tend to be; this react only with HCl: Magnesium Oxide: Magnesium Hydroxide: Aluminium Hydroxide: Calcium Carbonate: Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate: Magnesium Trisilicate: Some of the products; Carbon dioxide is a gas. So a foaming agent has to be added to prohibit excessive belching. Also alginates are used, to prevent acid reflux. If too much antacid is used, the stomach becomes too basic, and that hurts too; then more antacid might be wrongly taken. This leads to alkalosis. B.3.2. Describe the use of derivatives of salicylic acid as mild analgesics and compare the advantages and disadvantages of using aspirin and paracetamol (acetaminophen) Salicylic acid is used as an anti-pyretic (fever reducer) and mild analgesic (painkiller), but it is a strong acid and hurts the stomach and mouth; so variations of salicylic acid was used. One is Acetyl Salicylic Acid (ASA) or Aspirin, which has the benefits of salicylic acid and does not irritate so much due to the acetyl group. When ASA reacts with water, it becomes salicylic acid, and the by-product of ethanoic acid. GOOD: It is good for killing minor pain, reducing fever, acting as an anti-inflammatory agent and prevents abnormal blood clot. BAD: Upsets stomach and bleeding; allergy; accidental poisoning in infants and Reyes syndrome. Acetaminophen is also an anti-pyretic and analgesic. However it does not upset the stomach and is safe. However, overdose can still occur and lead to liver and brain damage. And it is not anti-inflammatory. Ibuprofen is like aspirin and cause fewer stomach problems. It is anti-inflammatory and is very safe. B.3.3. Compare the structures of morphine, codeine and the semi-synthetic opiate heroin. These are strong analgesics and are often called opiates, narcotics or narcotic analgesics. The major pain relieving substance originates from the opium poppy plant is sleep inducing and pain relieving. All three share the same skeleton. Remember the group C2H3O2 is called an acetyl group. B.3.4. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using morphine and its derivatives as strong analgesics. These affects: The Central Nervous System, the Eye and the Gastrointestinal tract (the digestive system) They are used as: Strong analgesics (severe pain from injury and chronic diseases); treatment of diarrhoea, relieve coughing. However they are very addictive and are rather replaced with something else. They also produce mood changes, drowsiness and mental clouding. Tolerance can arise by adaptation of the liver and neurons in the brain. Some people cant function without the drug, feeling restlessness, sweating, fever, chills, vomiting, aches etc due to abstinence of the drug. There is often severe psychological dependence too (one might feel extremely depressed).à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Short term effects: Sedation, stupor, pain relief, euphoria, reduced tension, worry, couching reflex. One might die of overdose. Long term effects: Loss of appetite, sterility, withdrawal illness, crime, diversion of energy. B.4.1. Describe the effects of depressants Tranquilizers, sedatives and hypnotics, which calm and relax; they slow down heart rate and breathing. Tranquilizers include alcohol, Valium and Librium and are weaker than the others. These relieve anxiety and tension. Sedatives: Barbituates that soothe distress without producing much sleep in small doses. Hypnotics: Like chloral hydrate. These induce sleep. Too much can lead to coma or teach. B.4.2. Discuss the social and physiological effects of the use and abuse of ethanol. Social effects: Major costs from alcohol are from sickness and death, as in hospital treatments and lost efficiency. Property crimes and crimes against people; drinking while driving. Physiological effects: Harmful to relationships, and may physically or emotionally harm others. One may lose control and develop dependence and tolerance. It increases blood pressure when drinking and nausea, sweating and anxiety as withdrawal of use. Short-term effects: CNS depressant reduces tension. It triggers Euphoria, Talkativeness, Dilation of blood vessels, Violent behaviours, Inertia, Coma, Death. Long term effects: Cirrhosis, liver cancer, coronary heart disease, high blood pressure, strokes, gastritis, low birth mass etc. Alcohol can be used for antiseptics such as mouthwashes. B.4.3. Describe and explain the techniques used for the detection of ethanol in the breath of in the blood or urine. Ethanol passes from the stomach into the blood and therefore it passes into the lungs and ethanol vapour is formed. The breathalyser test might involve a redox equation with potassium dichromate: as oxidizing agent. Color change: Red-Orange to Green The gas liquid chromatography works as follows: Small samples of gases and volatile liquids such ethanol are separated. These are pushed through a column using an unimportant gas, such as Nitrogen gas and different gases take different time to come to the detector, where concentration of gases are measured. Intoxilyzer, Infra-red spectroscopy: Infra-red energy make molecules vibrate. Different types of bonds absorb and vibrate at different infer-red frequencies. By measuring how much energy is not absorbed by the molecules, one can find the number of certain bonds in the molecules. B.4.4. Describe the synergistic effects of ethanol with other drugs. Alcohol is easily absorbed in the stomach, so drugs that can be dissolved in alcohol will be absorbed much quicker, and the dosage will seem higher as in normal conditions the liver removes a part of the drug. So performance of the drug is enhanced and may lead to devastating effects such as death, especially if alcohol is combined with barbituates. Alcohol with aspirin increases the risk of stomach bleeding. B.4.5 . List other commonly used depressants and describe their structures. Valium (diazepam) is a tranquilizer, Mogadon (Nitrazepam) is a hypnotic drug (used to control seizures and infantile spasms), Prozac (hydrochloride) is an anti-depressant drug used to treat mental depression. Diazepam and Nitrazepam have similar carbon skeletons meanwhile Prozac is different. B.5.1. List the physiological effects of stimulants. Stimulants are chemicals that stimulate the brain and the central nervous system. It is the opposite of a depressant. These increase alertness. Examples are amphetamine, nicotine and caffeine. B.5.2. Compare amphetamines and adrenaline They both derive from the phenylethylamine structure, and therefore look similar. Furthermore, amphetamines mimic the effects of adrenaline (they are sympathomimetic drugs), as they constrict arteries and thus increases sweat production. They increase heart rate, blood pressure, respiration and insomnia. Medical uses: Treat mild depression, narcolepsy and asthma. They use up the bodys reserve energy and can lead to a collapse. B.5.3 Discuss the short- and long-term effects of nicotine consumption. Tobacco is a source of nicotine which is a mild stimulant with a short lived effect. The response is followed by depression and thereby makes one pushed to use it more often. Short-term: Increase in heart-rate and blood pressure. It constricts blood vessels and therefore strains the heart. Nicotine also reduces urine output. Long term effects of nicotine: It stresses hard and may lead to heart diseases and blood clot; May lead to increase of fatty acids in the blood. Smoking leads to more carbon monoxide in the blood making the blood less able to carry blood. It also increases the gastric acid production and may lead to ulcer. Smoking causes: Cancer in lungs and mouth; heart and blood vessel disease; breathing difficulties and chronic bronchitis; air pollution; fires; bad teeth; insomnia. B.5.4. Describe the effects of caffeine and compare its structure with that of nicotine. Caffeine stimulates the respiratory system (more energy is available from respiration), so heart and brain gets more energy. So one becomes more alert, motivated and well-being. In small amounts in is rather harmless, but too much causes insomnia. One gets more urine as well. Caffeine leads to some tolerance but no physical addiction. It can be given to babies to help their breathing. It also constricts blood vessels and therefore helps against migraines. Both caffeine and nicotine contain a tertiary amine group. Caffeine has more of those though. B.6.1. Describe the historical development of penicillins. In 1928, Fleming accidentally saw that some types of fungi killed off a certain bacterium and started to try to isolate the fungi, but it was too hard to purify it. In 1940, Floray and Chain continued with penicillin testing and development, and in 1943 it was available clinically. The first penicillin was Penicillin G. However it was deactivated by stomach acid so it had to be injected. Acid resistance penicillins such as penicillin V was developed by modifying the side chains of the basic penicillin structure. Some bacteria could deactivate penicillin G by synthesising an enzyme, therefore one had to make other synthetic penicillins. 6-APA penicillin is inert, but an extra amino group H2N would activate it. B.6.2. Compare broad spectrum and narrow spectrum antibiotics A broad spectrum antibiotics is effective against a wide variety of bacteria. Examples are tetracyclines. Narrow ones are effective only against certain types of bacteria; most penicillins are narrow spectrum antibiotics. One often has to determine the bacterium before getting antibiotics, because a broad-spectrum one can kill beneficial bacteria and give discomfort. B.6.3. Explain how penicillins work and discuss the effects of modifying the side chain. The cell walls of some bacteria are composed of polysaccharides, and these layers are supported by cross-links. However, penicillins interfere with the formation of these links and therefore weaken the structure. The bacteria can easily burst. Animals cells dont have these cell walls and are therefore not affected. It is important to modify the side chain to work against bacteria have evolved and are able to break down certain types of penicillin. Side chains are also added to make the penicillin work (as for the 6-APA) and to survive the gastric acid (Penicillin G) B.6.4. Discuss and explain the effect over prescription of penicillins has, and the use of penicillins in animal feedstock Repeated use may lead to allergic reactions. They can also wipe out harmless and beneficial bacteria in the food canal, and harmful bacteria might eventually replace these. Bacteria can become resistant against certain antibiotics and then pass on their immunity. In feedstock: They are used to kill dangerous pathogens which may otherwise endanger humans and animals. They are also used to increase productivity. However, this increases the chances that bacteria might become resistant. B.7.1. State how viruses differ from bacteria Bacteria are relatively large single cell microorganism with DNA strands. Viruses are noncellular and are much smaller and are not living. They can only reproduce within a host cell. B.7.2. Describe the different ways in which antiviral drugs work * Block the transfer of genetic information * Control by inoculation, vaccines. * Block the enzyme activity in a host cell, so that the virus cant use it to replicate. B.7.3. Discuss the difficulties associated with solving the AIDS problem HIV molecules bind to proteins on T-type of white blood cells and hinder them from fighting infections by inactivating them. HIV virus is good at mutating and together with their similarities with human cells, it is very heard to treat with antiviral drugs and vaccines. B.8.1. Describe the importance of geometrical isomerism in drug action. Stereoisomers are isomers with the same molecular formula and the same structural formula, but different arrangement of atoms in space. Geoemetric isomers have different physical properties such as polarity, boiling point, and solubility etc. They may also undergo different t chemical reactions although their functional groups are identical. For example cisplatin is en effective anti-cancer drug (as it may enter the nucleus of a cancerous cell), but the trans-isomers is inactive in such purposes. B.8.2. Discuss the importance of chirality in drug action. Optical isomers differ from geometric isomers in two ways: * Optical isomers are chiral (asymmetric) * Optical isomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other One optical isomer rotates the plane polarized light one direction, meanwhile its other isomer rotates it the other way. An equi-molar mixture of two enantiomers means a 50-50 ration and will not totate the plane of polarised light at all; this is a racemic mixture. Penicillin V is active, but its enantiomer is inactive. One enantiomer of Thalidomide could be used to treat morning sickness in pregnant women and was marketed as a racemix mixture, but its other enantiomer gave foetal deformities. B.8.3. Describe the use of chiral auxiliaries to form the desired enantiomer. It is very heard to separate racemic mixtures into separate enantiomers, as they have identical chemical properties in relation to non-chiral reagents. Instead, scientists use stereospecific synthesis to produce only one kind of enantiomer. Chiral auxiliaries are used to convert non-chiral molecules into a desired enantiomer by attching itself chemically to the non-chiral molecule so that only one type of enantiomer can be formed. After the procedure the auxiliary can be recycled. This is used when synthesising Taxol which isa drug effective against breast cancer. B.8.4. Explain the use of combinatorial chemistry to synthesise new drugs. This is when one creates lots of molecules and test them quickly for biological properties; one starts with a set of basic chemicals which are then combined in all possible combinations, and this allows a fast production of many different molecules, increasing the chance of finding better drugs. A library is a collection of compounds that are screened to determine their usefulness as a drug, using parallel synthesis (identical processes with many different molecules at the same time). B.9.1. Compare local and general anaesthetics in terms of their modes of action Local anaesthetics block the pain in specific areas when they are injected under the skin or used as a crà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½me. Examples are cocaine, procaine, benzococaine, lidocaine etc. These block local nerve transmissions and decrease blood supply to that area. Procaine and lidocaine do not affect the brain, meanwhile cocaine does. General anaesthetics affect the brain and produce unconsciousness. But it is easy to reverse the unconsciousness. Examples are nitrous oxide, diethyl ether, chloroform, cyclopropane and halothane. B.9.2. Compare the structures and effects of cocaine, procaine and lidocaine. All three have the benzene ring and the tertiary amine. Cocaine also stimulates the central nervous system. It constricts blood vessels which leads to high blood pressure, and cant be safely used. Although it doesnt produce withdrawal symptoms and tolerance, it produces a strong psychological addiction. An overdose suppresses heart and respiration. Cocaine has a very short half life as it is metabolized by the liver fast, and is poorly absorbed when taken orally. Procaine gives prolonged relief from pain which is good for surgery and dental procedures. It is non-toxic and non-irritant. Lidocaine is used topically to produce numbness. It is more potent that procaine, but may cause swelling and itching. B.9.3. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of nitrous oxide, ethoxyethane, trichloromethane, cyclopropane and halothane. Nitrous oxide is not very potent, and makes one feel good Trichloromethane is nonflammabe, but leads to liver damages. Narrow safety margin Ethoxyethane alleviates the pain in surgery well, but it is very flammable and nonstable. Cyclopropane is a very potent anaesthetics, however it forms explosive mixtures with air and is very flammable. It also causes vomiting and nausea. Halothane is widely used as it is not flammable and one may recover fast from it. It doesnt irritate the respiratory tract. However, it takes time to become unconscious. It is potentially harmful to the ozone layer as it produces chlorine and bromine free radicals. B.9.4. Calculate the partial pressures of component gases in an anaesthetic mixture The partial pressure ratios of the total pressure equal the molar ratios of different gas molecules. It is important to have enough oxygen in the anaesthetic mixture so that the patient can live. At least 20% oxygen is needed B.10.1 Describe the effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), mescaline, psilocybin and tetrahydrocannabinol. Psychadelic drugs like these alter the mind and produces a change in thought, perception or mood and induce vivid fantasies. Colors seem more brilliant for the user. There are the effects of the mentioned mind altering drugs: LSD: This is a powerful hallucinogen that strongly magnifies perception and may destroy the sense of judgment. No physical addiction, and not very strong psychological dependence. Mescaline: Color hallucinations which last 12 hours. Psilocybin: Similar to LSD, especially at high doses, but at low doses produces relaxation. Shortlasting; 4 hours THC: Milder drug similar to alcohol. At larger doses, changes in perception occurs sees bright colors and gets sharper hearing. May get extreme anxiety, depression, uneasiness, panic attacks etc. There is no tolerance, but could lead to psychological dependence. B.10.2 Discuss the structural similarities and differences between LSD, mescaline and psilocybin. LSD and psilocybin both have the Indole ring (Heterocyclic amine compound where the nitrogen atom is part of a ring). However, mescaline includes the benzene ring but not the indole ring; it does have a primary amine. Serotonin also has the indole ring. B.10.3 Discuss the arguments for and against the legalization of cannabis. Cannabis offers relief from symptoms from AIDS, cancer and glaucoma. Marijuana may increase the appetite, and relieves nausea. Cannabis helps terminally ill patients to relieve tension and anxiety. Marijuana relieves pressure inside the eyeball for glaucoma patients. However there are many bad sides to it too. Smoking marijuana may lead to lung problems and may suppress the immune system. It might lead to decreased fertility for men and cause brain damage and birth defects. Users may also start using harder drugs too. Users of prohibited drugs need to obtain it from criminal sources and may therefore be forced into crime to support their habit. It damages the society a lot.

Friday, September 20, 2019

Reducing Occupational Stress in Air Traffic Control

Reducing Occupational Stress in Air Traffic Control Recommendations and Conclusions Introduction In this chapter, the researcher has formulated a set of recommendations based on data found in the finding and analysis chapter in line with the objectives of the dissertation to help in reducing occupational stress in air traffic control. Improving job planning and reliability of the work systems According to Glovanni Coasta (1995), from the past technical means to present support, under full radar coverage of air space, is the key factor which allows a â€Å"jump in quality†, not just in terms of work competence, but likewise in terms of stress levels, by decreasing cognitive, memory and communicative loads along with uncertainty and unforeseeability of the situations. The more technological passage to function under â€Å"multi-radar† assistance permits an additional rise in levels of reliability and safety as well as a reduction in stress levels. These improvements allow for well planning of air traffic and, subsequently, a more balanced workload among individual ATCs. These improvements may also subsequently reduce the possibility or the seriousness of many unforeseen situations, by allowing for more reliable information and more time for solving problems and making decisions, while eliminating many stressful and risky traffic peaks. Reduction of working times and arrangement of working teams and rest pauses in relation to the workload The mental strength required maintaining the maximum level of attention and vigilance, as well as to securely and efficiently facing the duty in terms of cognitive and memory load that can differ usually in relation to air traffic concentration and connected problems. Therefore, to guarantee the best level of performance efficiency avoiding excessive mental stress and fatigue, particular attention has to be paid to arranging duty periods. Duty periods: The length of the duty period should not exceed ten hours (extendable to 12 hours in special circumstances), and should be adjusted according to the workload; An interval of no less than 12 hours should be scheduled between the conclusion of one period of duty and the commencement of the next period of duty; Overtime should be an exception. Breaks during operational duty: No operational duty shall exceed a period of two hours without there being taken, during or at the end of that period, a break or total break not less than 30 minutes; During periods of high traffic density, the possibility of having more frequent short breaks (ten minutes) should be provided; A sufficiently long break for meals should be allowed, providing adequate canteen facilities to assure hot and good quality meals. Arrangement of shift schedules according to psycho-physiological and social criteria Shift work, in particular night work, is a stress factor for the ATCs due to its negative effects on various aspects of their lives. This stress can be eliminated by adopting a rapidly-rotating shift system, changing work shifts every one or two days instead of every week. Moreover, reducing the number of consecutive night shifts as much as possible and having a day’s rest after the night-shift period. This prevents accumulation of sleep deficit and fatigue, and allows a quicker recovery. Delaying the beginning of the morning shift (e.g. at 07:00 or later) to allow a normal amount of sleep. Preferring the forward rotation (e.g. morning-afternoon-night) to the backward one (e.g. afternoon-morning-night) to allow a longer period of rest between shifts). Adjusting the length of shifts according to the physical and mental workload that is day shifts should be shorter, whereas night shifts could be longer if the workload is reduced and there are sleeping facilities. Improving the work environment Lighting Taking into consideration that the ATCs task is performed almost exclusively in front of a visual display unit, particular attention should be paid to providing lighting conditions which favor an optimal visual performance. Inside the towers, the opposite is the problem. It is necessary to avoid excessive illumination levels due to external bright light using both anti-reflection glass and curtains; it is also important to have the possibility of positioning and shielding the visual display units to avoid indirect glare due to bright reflections on the screen. Noise The main sources of noise are represented by conversations, manual operations (e.g. manipulations of strip supports) and office machines (printers, telephones, photocopiers, etc.). Therefore particular attention has to be paid in order to stop background noise from exceeding 45-50 dB by installing quieter office machinery, arranging work sectors in order to have better sound protection from each other, and installing more insulating headsets and more sensitive microphones. Arranging workplaces according to ergonomic criteria Workstation design It is also important to arrange the layout of the workplace in order to avoid glare caused by excessive brightness contrasts between different objects and surfaces; it causes discomfort and hampers the comprehension of the information. The displays should be shaded and the surfaces matte, avoiding the use of reflective materials and bright colors on table-tops and consoles. Data displays containing flight information should preferably be located beside the radar screen. Sitting postures A prolonged, constrained sitting posture causes muscular-skeletal discomfort and pain, particularly at the level of the neck, the shoulders and the lumbar tract. In order to avoid or alleviate such disturbances, it is important to use suitable chairs which allow a comfortable sitting posture while working, as well as useful muscle relaxation while on stand-by or resting in front of the screen. Individual ways of coping with stress First of all, people should avoid ineffective ways of coping, which can have an apparent short term positive effect but, in the long run, can cause further problems in health and well-being. We refer in particular to smoking. Increasing smoking (for smokers) is sometimes seen as a way of obtaining a sense of relief and calmness. Of course, apart from short-term relief, there are many adverse effects both on performance efficiency, due to interference with the upper nervous system activities, and on health, due to increased risk of lung tumors and chronic bronchitis from smoking. Secondly, maintaining good physical fitness and emotionally stable psychic conditions are the best aids in fighting and overcoming stress. To stay in satisfactory condition, people should pay particular attention to physical exercise, eating habits, sleeping patterns, relaxation techniques and leisure activities. Relaxation techniques are becoming more and more popular among people who feel to be under stress. Massage, yoga, meditation and autogenous training are all useful exercises which help to control restlessness, anxiety, muscular tension, inability to concentrate, insomnia and other symptoms of stress. Training The aim of training is at teaching occupational and particular coping strategies in order to improve the capacity of event appraisal and problem solving, so that ATCs learn how to cope with emotional effects of stressful events and improve the capacity of control. Air traffic controllers should be trained to develop action-oriented and problem-focused coping abilities. Positive acceptance and reappraisal of stress situations, active coping, seeking to social support for instrumental and emotional reasons must be strengthened, while inclination towards restraint coping, behavioural and mental disengagement should be restricted. Conclusion Air traffic controllers are the working groups having to deal with very stressful and tough job and are widely recognized as an occupational group which has to cope with a highly demanding job that involves a complex series of tasks, requiring high levels of knowledge and expertise, combined with high levels of responsibility. According to this research, it can be seen that most of air traffic controllers rate the level of stress as extreme. Moreover, this level of stress is caused due to several factors such as duration of break that the controllers have, the shift hours they usually worked and the workload. Stress can be due to conflict arising from workplace and private life also. According to survey, 63% of air traffic controllers have conflict arising from workplace and private life. 50% of controllers agreed that stress is caused due to their nature of the job and responsibilities. Air traffic controllers must be trained to have high stress resistance and must be able to take best decision in difficult condition and on behalf of the pilot. Training should be given in order to improve the capacity of event appraisal and problem solving, so that ATCs learn how to cope with emotional effects of stressful events and improve the capacity of control. Moreover, it is important to have a stress management system in place in the work place to help controllers deal with suffering a loss of separation incident or accident. Reference: Professor Glovanni Coasta (1995). Occupational stress and prevention in air traffic control. Institute of Occupational Medicine: University of Verona.